Page 1

Protection Event Card

Executive summary for relay-event review
Page 1 of 4
Relay Event Report

COMTRADE Protection Event Report

400kV | Z1 Example
LL BC Analysis-backed
Station
400kV
Device
Z1 Example
Frequency
50.00 Hz
Sample rate
1000 Hz
DAT format
ASCII

Event classification

Disturbance class
Fault
Event type
LL BC
Source
phase-behavior
Confidence
high

Protection operation

Fault inception
2026-03-31 08:22:47.419 (0.0 ms)
First pickup
2026-03-31 09:12:47.419 (+3000000.0 ms)
Trip command
2026-03-31 09:12:47.419 (+3000000.0 ms)
Breaker open
Unavailable
Current collapse
2026-03-31 21:42:47.419 (+48000000.0 ms)
Trip-to-clear
45000000.0 ms

Key electrical quantities

Peak phase currents
A 0.36 A | B 7.62 A | C 7.91 A
Dominant RMS in fault window
C 4.28 A | B 4.08 A
Sequence quantities (I)
I1 2.32 A | I2 2.33 A | I0 0.01 A
Sequence quantities (V)
V1 33.46 V | V2 29.14 V | V0 0.69 V
I2 / I1
100.5%
I0 / I1
0.5%

Verdict

Delayed operation
Operate-and-clear path is present, but timing is slow against a conservative heuristic threshold.
Protection verdict
Protection operated
Conclusion
Trip command and current clearing are both observed.
Relay verdict
Delayed operation
Expected / observed
Match | Delay concern
Confidence / data quality
Trust WARN Timebase/UTC ambiguity in metadata.
Record clock note No explicit UTC/local indicator found. Treat timestamps as ambiguous without substation timebase context.
Generated from COMTRADE workspace export Browser export | print-safe layout
Page 2

Event Timeline

Protection and breaker sequence relative to fault inception
Page 2 of 4
Authoritative path Analog-derived Digital-derived Inferred
Event Basis Record time Delta from t0 Source
Fault inception
RMS/energy step
 Cycle RMS/energy departure from baseline 2026-03-31 08:22:47.419 0.0 ms Analog
First pickup
Dis.Pickup B
 Dis.Pickup B 2026-03-31 09:12:47.419 +3000000.0 ms Digital
Pickup
Dis.Pickup C
 Dis.Pickup C 2026-03-31 09:12:47.419 +3000000.0 ms Digital
Pickup
Relay PICKUP
 Relay PICKUP 2026-03-31 09:12:47.419 +3000000.0 ms Digital
Trip assertion
Relay TRIP B
 Relay TRIP B 2026-03-31 09:12:47.419 +3000000.0 ms Digital
Trip assertion
Relay TRIP C
 Relay TRIP C 2026-03-31 09:12:47.419 +3000000.0 ms Digital
Trip assertion
Relay TRIP
 Relay TRIP 2026-03-31 09:12:47.419 +3000000.0 ms Digital
Current collapse
Analog current envelope collapse
 Timing KPI current collapse 2026-03-31 21:42:47.419 +48000000.0 ms Analog
Generated from COMTRADE workspace export Browser export | print-safe layout
Page 3

Fault Fingerprint

Scannable electrical signature of the disturbance
Page 3 of 4

Phase current magnitudes

Peak Fault RMS
A 0.24 A
0.36 A
B 4.08 A
7.62 A
C 4.28 A
7.91 A

Disturbance signature

Balanced fault tendency Weak
I2 / I1 = 100.5%, I0 / I1 = 0.5%.
Ground involvement tendency Weak
I0 / I1 = 0.5%.
Negative-sequence dominance Strong
I2 / I1 = 100.5%.
Inrush / harmonic blocking clues Strong
H2 / H1 = 86.2%, THD = 86.2%.

Sequence ratios

I2 / I1 100.5%
I0 / I1 0.5%
V2 / V1 87.1%
V0 / V1 2.0%

Harmonic / THD indicators

Channel
IC
THD
86.2%
H2 / H1
86.2%
H5 / H1
0.2%
Availability
Available

Residual / imbalance clue

Strong phase imbalance clue
Negative-sequence current ratio is 100.5%.

Phasor / sequence summary

Current phasors
PhRMSAngle
A0.23 A27.3 deg
B3.91 A27.8 deg
C4.12 A-152.6 deg
Voltage phasors
PhRMSAngle
A62.49 V-152.3 deg
B31.65 V32.7 deg
C31.61 V19.1 deg
Generated from COMTRADE workspace export Browser export | print-safe layout
Page 4

Relay Verdict

Observed behavior versus disturbance evidence
Page 4 of 4
Final classification
Delayed operation
Operate-and-clear path is present, but timing is slow against a conservative heuristic threshold.
Match

Expected vs observed behavior

Expected behavior
Fault evidence supports pickup, trip command, and interruption.
Observed behavior
Pickup/trip path observed through Relay TRIP B, followed by current collapse.
Assessment
Match | delay concern

Pickup and trip assessment

CheckStatusEvidence
First relevant operate bit Observed Dis.Pickup B @ 250000000.0 ms
Trip command Observed Relay TRIP B @ 250000000.0 ms
Breaker opening Not observed Not present in record.
Clearing evidence Observed Analog current envelope collapse @ 295000000.0 ms

Engineering interpretation

  • Classification: LL BC.
  • Fault inception at 247000000.0 ms from record start (RMS/energy step, coherent).
  • Trip Relay TRIP B and clearing are both observed.
  • Operate delay from t0 to trip is 3000000.0 ms versus a 160 ms heuristic screen.
  • Voltage drops 50.2% within 2 cycles of event inception — consistent with a network fault, not magnetizing inrush. Inrush classification blocked.

Recommended next checks

  • Verify CT polarity / ratio.
Generated from COMTRADE workspace export Browser export | print-safe layout
Appendix

Detailed inventories and raw diagnostics

Channel inventory
Analog channels
IDPhaseUnitab
IAUnavailableA0.0000.000
IBUnavailableA0.000-1.544
ICUnavailableA0.0001.590
VAUnavailableV0.0010.009
VBUnavailableV0.0010.024
VCUnavailableV0.0010.029
Digital channels
IDPhaseNormal
>Trig.Wave.Cap.Unavailable0
Flag LostUnavailable0
O/C PICKUPUnavailable0
Dis.Pickup AUnavailable0
Dis.Pickup BUnavailable0
Dis.Pickup CUnavailable0
Dis.Pickup EUnavailable0
Dis. forwardUnavailable0
Dis. reverseUnavailable0
EF PickupUnavailable0
Relay PICKUPUnavailable0
Relay PICKUP AUnavailable0
Relay PICKUP BUnavailable0
Relay PICKUP CUnavailable0
Relay PICKUP EUnavailable0
Relay TRIP AUnavailable0
Relay TRIP BUnavailable0
Relay TRIP CUnavailable0
Relay TRIPUnavailable0
FltRecStaUnavailable0
E/F Trip AUnavailable0
E/F Trip BUnavailable0
E/F Trip CUnavailable0
E/F Trip 3pUnavailable0
Line closureUnavailable0
1pole open AUnavailable0
1pole open BUnavailable0
1pole open CUnavailable0
Analog change ranking
ChannelUnitPrefault RMSFault RMSRatioP-P fault
VCV62.20634.9190.56128.074
VBV63.59033.4320.53121.702
VAV63.77563.1640.99176.421
ICA0.2614.27616.3712.071
IBA0.2734.07814.9511.652
IAA0.2600.2370.910.677
Digital transition summary
ChannelFirst riseFirst fallTogglesChatterTruncated
Dis.Pickup B250000.0000 s304000.0000 s2NoNo
Dis.Pickup C250000.0000 s304000.0000 s2NoNo
Dis. forward250000.0000 s304000.0000 s2NoNo
Relay PICKUP250000.0000 s304000.0000 s2NoNo
Relay PICKUP B250000.0000 s304000.0000 s2NoNo
Relay PICKUP C250000.0000 s304000.0000 s2NoNo
Relay TRIP A250000.0000 s0.0000 s1NoNo
Relay TRIP B250000.0000 s0.0000 s1NoNo
Relay TRIP C250000.0000 s0.0000 s1NoNo
Relay TRIP250000.0000 s0.0000 s1NoNo
Digital edge list
ChannelTimeEdge
Dis. forward250000.0000 s0->1
Dis.Pickup B250000.0000 s0->1
Dis.Pickup C250000.0000 s0->1
Relay PICKUP250000.0000 s0->1
Relay PICKUP B250000.0000 s0->1
Relay PICKUP C250000.0000 s0->1
Relay TRIP250000.0000 s0->1
Relay TRIP A250000.0000 s0->1
Relay TRIP B250000.0000 s0->1
Relay TRIP C250000.0000 s0->1
Dis. forward304000.0000 s1->0
Dis.Pickup B304000.0000 s1->0
Dis.Pickup C304000.0000 s1->0
Relay PICKUP304000.0000 s1->0
Relay PICKUP B304000.0000 s1->0
Relay PICKUP C304000.0000 s1->0
Diagnostics and quality notes
Diagnostics
  • Sampling rate: Nominal: 1000 samples/s at 50 Hz, approx 20 samples/cycle. Expected operational range 32 to 1000 samples/cycle.
  • Residual clue: Ia + Ib + Ic: Median(|Ia+Ib+Ic|) ~= 0.009 (A). High residual suggests CT polarity/ratio mismatch, saturation, or genuine zero-sequence.
  • Terminal vs neutral comparison: No obvious neutral/residual current channel identified. Add explicit mapping to tag terminal A/B/C and neutral.
  • Problem isolation framing: Use differential comparisons across terminals and known boundaries. A valid clue reduces the candidate set: if terminal currents show disturbance but neutral side does not, the issue is likely between measurement points; if both move coherently, suspect upstream system event or common timebase/CT polarity.
Timebase / trust / sequence notes
  • No explicit UTC/local indicator found. Treat timestamps as ambiguous without substation timebase context.
  • Timebase/UTC ambiguity in metadata.